Microwave hydrothermal synthesis is one of hydrothermal processes that are used for the procurement of nanopowders with controlled chemical content and morphology characterised by minor differences in the size of the grains.

Most microwave hydrothermal synthesis reactions still take place in laboratory in modified microwave ovens. Commercial devices for microwave thermal syntheses can be divided into large closed vessel reactors, stop-flow reactors and flow reactors. Main drawbacks of existing solutions are as follows: low efficiency (in the case of large vessel reactors and stop-flow reactors), low flow of the substrate and the product of particularly thick suspensions in flow reactors, relatively low pressure and temperature of operation, the possibility of product contamination due to the contact with metal parts of reactor.

The response to these problems is the MSS2 reactor (fig. 1,2) – the icon of cooperation between the Institute for Sustainable Technologies and the Institute of High Pressure Physics. 

Fig1. View of the MSS2 reactor.

Fig.2.  Course of process variables for cyclical recurrence of technological recipe realisation.

The reactor has a unique design of a process chamber, which used in conjunction with a batch control system allows a highly efficient production of nanopowders to be obtained.

The MSS2 reactor and its previous version MSS1 can be used for the scale-up production of nanomaterials characterised by a high commercial potential, and can be applied particularly in electronic, optoelectonic, pharmaceutical, chemical, cosmetic, ceramic and machine industries.

The main areas of development of these devices, and simultaneously, cooperation with scientific partners and commercial companies include the following: improvements of reactors (new measurement systems, an intelligent reactor), design of new reactors (higher pressure, multi closed vessel), design of a technological line, mass production of new materials.

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51. Hydrothermal Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanopowders
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62. ZrO₂:Tb nanopowders obtained by coprecipitation method
63. ZnFe₂O₄/ZnO core-shell particles obtained by coprecipitation route
64. Hydrothermal Synthesis of ZnAl₂O₄ Spinel
65. Localization of rare-earth dopants in the lattice of nanocrystalline ZrO₂ - EXAFS study
66. Advanced nanoporous yttria-stabilized zirconia ceramics for luminescent oxygen sensors
67. Excitation transfer in zirconia nanocrystals and ceramics
68. Eu Luminescence in zirconia nanocrystals
69. ZnO ceramic sintering and luminescence properties
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75. Synthesis of Al doped ZnO nanopowders and their enhanced luminescence
76. Synthesis of nanopowders in supercritical water in a continuous flow reactor
77. A summary of results obtained in Working Group 002 "Synthesis and Processing of Nanopowders"
78. Summary of activities of Working Group D30/003 "Synthesis and Processing of Nanopowders"
79. Doped zirconia nanopowders made in microwave – pressure reactor
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81. Luminescence properties of zinc oxide nanopowders doped with Al ions obtained by the hydrothermal and vapour condensation methods.
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105. Nasze wyniki, zdania i sposoby ich realizacji
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165. Microwave Driven Hydrothermal Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanopowders
166. Indentation Technique for Determination if Mechanical Behavior of Nanomaterials (Bulk and Coatings)