During XRD measurement, X-ray detectors (counters) register scattered photons with a finite efficiency. This results in experimental noise proportional to the square root of the intensity, according to well known properties of Bernoulli distribution.

In standard cases signal/noise ratio suffices for X-Ray phase analysis (determination of crystalline phases) and basic grain size approximation by measurement of peak width. However, further investigations of a fine structure of the peak profile may be affected by high noise amplitude.

In the present paper we discuss determination of the size distribution of nanocrystals by analysis of the fine structure of the peak profile. Influence of the experimental noise and resulting accuracy of the method will be investigated. We will estimate photon flux (X-ray tube/synchrotron) needed for successful evaluation and give a practical directions on optimal experimental setup. Dispersion of the size distribution parameters (i.e. dispesion of average grain size and dispersion of dispersion of the grain sizes) will be given as a function of experimental noise level.

• Legal notice:
  

  Copyright (c) Pielaszek Research, all rights reserved.
  The above materials, including auxiliary resources, are subject to Publisher's copyright and the Author(s) intellectual rights. Without limiting Author(s) rights under respective Copyright Transfer Agreement, no part of the above documents may be reproduced without the express written permission of Pielaszek Research, the Publisher. Express permission from the Author(s) is required to use the above materials for academic purposes, such as lectures or scientific presentations.
  In every case, proper references including Author(s) name(s) and URL of this webpage: https://science24.com/paper/3858 must be provided.

1. Initial abstract
2. 2nd abstract
3. Optical oxygen sensor for safe operation in hazardous areas
4.   Optical oxygen sensor for safe operation  in hazardous areas
5. Quo Vadis nanotechnology- for various stakeholders
6. Opening of the Thursday Sessions of NanoPl 2014
7. Microwave reactors for nanoparticle's synthesis
8. Opening of Nano-Bio-Med session
9. Real Time Characterisation of nanoMaterials
10. Bioactive GoHAP nanoparticles and their applications in medical implants technology
11. Wykorzystanie metody NTA (Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis) w ocenie wielkości krążących mikrocząstek osocza i innych płynów fizjologicznych: pułapki i triki
12. Advanced characterisation of nanomaterials according to ISO 17025 Norm

13. Microwave solvothermal synthesis of resorbable nano-HAp with controlled grain size.
14. Microwave Solvothermal Synthesis of Nano Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
15. Microwave Solvothermal Technology (MSS) for nanoparticle synthesis
16. [CEPT] Solvothermal synthesis nano zinc oxide in  microwave reactor MSS2
17. [CEPT] Solvothermal synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials in the Laboratory of Nanostructures for Photonics and Nanomedicine, Center of Bio-Nanomaterials
18. Scanning Electron Microscopy Investigations and Analysis of Nanostructures
19. Polish Nanotechnology Platform - a discussion group at Linked-In
20. Novel optical oxygen sensor for life and health protection made of nano-zirconia
21. Nanometrology as a tool for nanotechnology problems solving
22. Creating a Polish Nano-Bio-Technology and  Nano-Medicine Platform?
23. MSS synthesis of highly biocompatible nano-HAP and coating of 3D poymer scaffolds
24. Nanotechnologie w gospodarce województwa podlaskiego
25. Characterization of nanomaterials according to EU recommendations, on the example of ZnO nanoparticles
26. [CEPT] Nanohydroxyapatite-polylactide composites  for regenerative implants
27. [CEPT] MSS synthesis of highly biocompatible nano-HAP with properties depending on the synthesis time.
28. [CEPT] Studies of nanoparticles size distribution
29. [CEPT] Studies of solubility of nanoparticles and stability of their suspension
30. Iinvestigation of nanoparticles by DSC-TG methods accompanied by chemical analysis of emitted gas
31. Reliable XRD characterization in production or high-throughput laboratory regime
32. Presentation of the  Laboratory of Nanostructures for Photonics and Nanomedicine, Center of Bio-Nanomaterials, CePT
33. ZnO nanoparticles effect on integrity of human endothelial cells
34. Importance and trends in nanomedicine according  European Nanomedicine Platform survey
35. Application of the Zeiss Ultra Plus scanning microscopy in bio-nanotechnology 
36. Welcome address
37. Otwarcie NanoInfoDay, Powitanie
38. Characteristic of hydroxyapatite dense nanoceramic produced by The High Pressure Consolidation  
39. Wpływ parametrów materiałowo-technicznych na właściwości optycznego czujnika tlenu na bazie nano-ZrO₂
40. Synteza nano-ZnO przy pomocy reaktora Mettler Toledo w Laboratorium Nanostruktur dla Fotoniki i Nanomedycyny CePT.
41. Infrastruktura i specjalizacje nanotechnologii w Polsce na podstawie wyników ankiety NANOFORCE
42. Solwotermalna synteza domieszkowanego nanotlenku cynku dla projektu NanoFATE. Otrzymywanie wodnych nanozawiesin domieszkowanego tlenku cynku.
43. Nanotechnologia bezpieczna dla ludzi i przyjazna środowisku
44. Badania rozkładu wielkości cząstek i potencjału zeta w Laboratorium Nanostruktur dla Fotoniki i Nanomedycyny CePT
45. Badanie stabilności i rozpuszczalności zawiesin z nano ZnO i nano ZnO:Co otrzymanych w  Laboratorium Nanostrutur dla Fotoniki i Nanomedycyny CePT
46. Badania nanoproszków przy pomocy technik DSC-TG/ QMS-FTIR w Laboratorium Nanostruktur dla Fotoniki i Nanomedycyny CePT
47. Synthesis of highly biocompatible hydroxyapatite nanopowders
48. Nanosafety - challenge of nowadays
49. Influence of heat treatment on luminescence of ZrO₂ + Eu nanopowders
50. Solvothermal synthesis of doped nano zinc oxide for the project NanoFATE.
51. Podsumowanie
52. Solwotermalna synteza domieszkowanego nano tlenku cynku dla projektu NanoFATE.
53. Hydrothermal Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanopowders
54. Optyczny sensor tlenu na bazie nanokrystalicznego ZrO₂
55. Solvothermal synthesis of nonstoichiometric hydroxyapatite nanoparticles
56. Solvothermal synthesis of nonstoichiometric hydroxyapatite nanoparticles
57. Procedury charakteryzacji nanoproszków
58. Oferty nanoproszków - Laboratorium Nanostruktur, Instytut Wysokich Ciśnien PAN
59. Nanofotonika dla małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw - mapy dorogowe i analizy SWOT  najważniejszych technologii.
60. Otwarcie konferencji
61. Polska  Platforma Nanotechnologii i zarys strategicznego programu "Nanotechnologia i wzrost inwestycji w B&R w Polsce"
62. Nowe mikrofalowe reaktory do syntez nanocząstek - wybrane zagadnienia badawcze i przykłady zastosowań
63. ZrO₂:Tb nanopowders obtained by coprecipitation method
64. ZnFe₂O₄/ZnO core-shell particles obtained by coprecipitation route
65. Hydrothermal Synthesis of ZnAl₂O₄ Spinel
66. Localization of rare-earth dopants in the lattice of nanocrystalline ZrO₂ - EXAFS study
67. Advanced nanoporous yttria-stabilized zirconia ceramics for luminescent oxygen sensors
68. Excitation transfer in zirconia nanocrystals and ceramics
69. Eu Luminescence in zirconia nanocrystals
70. ZnO ceramic sintering and luminescence properties
71. X-ray and electron microscopy techniques studies on nanocrystalline MgO powder materials prepared by sol-gel method
72. Oferta zaawansowanych materiałów w perspektywie 5 - 20 lat
73. Strategia rozwoju badań nanoproszków
74. Statystyczna analiza deklarowanych kierunków rozwoju nowoczesnych materiałów w projekcie FOREMAT w powiązaniu z tematami polskich prac doktorskich, habilitacyjnych i grantów KBN
75. Error bars in powder diffraction
76. Synthesis of doped ZnO nanopowders in microwave hydrothermal reactors
77. Characterization of nanopowders
78. Synthesis of Al doped ZnO nanopowders and their enhanced luminescence
79. Synthesis of nanopowders in supercritical water in a continuous flow reactor
80. A summary of results obtained in Working Group 002 "Synthesis and Processing of Nanopowders"
81. Summary of activities of Working Group D30/003 "Synthesis and Processing of Nanopowders"
82. Doped zirconia nanopowders made in microwave – pressure reactor
83. Combining microwave and pressure techniques for hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO and ZrO₂ nanopowders doped with a range of metal ions
84. Luminescence properties of zinc oxide nanopowders doped with Al ions obtained by the hydrothermal and vapour condensation methods.
85. Mechanical property of nano-TiO2 dispersed Al65Cu20Ti15 amorphous/nanocrystalline matrix bulk composite prepared by mechanical alloying and high pressure sintering
86. Structure of nanocrystalline powders of MgO prepared by sol-gel method
87. Microwave technique applied on the hydrothermal synthesis and sintering of calcia stabilized zirconia nanoparticles
88. Luminescence properties of cerium doped Y₃Al₅O₁₂ nanopowders and nanoceramic
89. Yttrium-Aluminum Garnet Synthesized in the Medium of Supercritical Fluids
90. Advanced nanostructural zirconia ceramics for optical oxygen sensors
91. Study of undoped and doped zirconia nanocrystals luminescence
92. Doping of ZnO nanopowders with Mn, Ni and Cr In an ultrasound and microwave driver hydrothermal reaction
93. Localization of rare-earth dopants in the lattice of nanocrystalline ZrO₂ - EXAFS study
94. Zirconia-based nanomaterials for oxygen sensor - generation, characterisation and optical properties
95. Production of doped and non doped ceramics nanoparticles for optical applications
96. Synthesis, sintering and properties of doped nanocrystalline powders of zirconia, zinc oxide and yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG)
97. Characterization of nanocrystalline ZrO₂ doped with Rare-Earth elements synthesized via High Pressure Hydrothermal Method
98. Particle Size Distribution of ZrO₂:Pr³⁺- Influences of pH, High Power Ultrasound, Surfactant and Dopant Quantity
99. Time-Resolved Luminescence Characteristics of Doped YAG and YAP Nanopowders
100. Structure studies on nanocrystalline MgO powders prepared by sol-gel method dried under different conditions
101. Cathodoluminescence of Al doped ZnO nanopowders
102. Morphology of Al doped Zinc Oxide Obtained using Hydrothermal and Vapour Condensation Methods
103. Luminescence and structural properties of rare-earth doped YAG nanoceramics
104. Optimization of conditions of preparation of YAG nanopowders for sintering of translucent ceramics
105. The influence of ZrO₂ containing 10% Eu ³⁺ on the polyurethane hard domain structure of nano-composites with luminescence properties
106. Growth and properties of ytterbium doped KY(WO₄)₂ nanocomposites
107. Investigations on the utilization of nano zinc oxides synthesized by hydrothermal method in rubber compounds
108. Doping of ZnO nanopowders with Mn and Cr in an ultrasound and microwave driven hydrothermal reaction
109. Investigations of phase composition and grain size distribution in Pr doped ZrO2
110. Nasze wyniki, zdania i sposoby ich realizacji
111. Morphology of Al doped zinc oxide obtained by the vapour condensation method
112. The comparison of the properties of YAG obtained by coprecipitation and SCR method
113. Synthesis of nanopowders at elevated pressure and their characterisation - summary of work of the WG-002
114. Accuracy of XRD size measurements of nanocrystals
115. Morphology of Al-Doped Zinc Oxide Obtained by the Vapour Condensation Methods
116. SWOT analysis of various reactors used for synthesis of nanopwoders in our Working Group
117. Preliminary research on zirconia based optical oxygen sensor
118. Preparation and electrical properties of the BaTiO3 nanoceramics
119. Current trends in the development of metallic nanomaterials: results of a study carried out within the EC project Nanoroad SME
120. Microstructural Evolution in Mechanical Alloying and Hot Pressing of Aluminium and 316 Stainless Steel Powder Blend
121. Time-resolved luminescence of nanostructured ZnO
122. Prediction of degree of localisation of misfit dislocation cores in intercrystalline interfaces based on interfacial adhesion
123. Kinetic and thermodynamic factors leading to dissolution of cementite in pearlitic steel subjected to severe plastic deformation under pressure
124. Yttria stabilized zirconia nanocrystals luminescence
125. Optical investigations of RE-doped YAG nanoceramics
126. Electrical properties of nanocrystalline ZrO2 at high-pressure
127. High-pressure Induced Structural Decomposition of RE-doped YAG Nanoceramics
128. Synthesis of Al-doped ZnO nanomaterials with controlled luminescence properties
129. Combination of ECAP and Hydrostatic Extrusion for ultra-fine grain (UFG) microstructure generation in 99.98% nickel.
130. Mechanical properties and deformation behaviour of ultra-fine grained nickel.
131. Grain Size and Grain Size Distribution of Nanocrystalline Pr-doped Zirconia Powders Obtained in High Pressure Microwave Reactor
132. Influence of synthesis conditions on the particles size and the morphology of zinc oxide nanopowders
133. Measuring the Grain Size Distribution of Pr-doped Zirconia Nanopowders obtained by Microwave Driven Hydrothermal Synthesis
134. Excellent mechanical properties of UFG metals and alloys, subjected to combination of severe plastic deformation methods.
135. An FT-IR Spectroscopic Investigation of Hydroxide Groups in Nano-Crystals of ZrO2.
136. Development of microstructure and mechanical properties in nickel deformed by hydrostatic extrusion
137. Structural and luminescence properties of yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) nanoceramics
138. Biocompatibility of thin films based on hydrothermal synthesized HAp
139. Hybrid HAp- maleic anhydride copolymer nanocomposites obtained by in situ functionalisation
140. Fabrication and electrical properties of Eu³⁺:BaTiO₃ nanoceramics for SOFC
141. Luminescence of ZrO₂ nanocrystals
142. Molecular impurities in the luminescent ZnO nanocrystals
143. Analytical expression for Diffraction Line Profile for polydispersive powders
144. FW1/5-4/5M method for determination of the Grain Size Distribution from powder diffraction line profile
145. Dyfrakcyjne badania mikrostruktury polikryształów nanometrowych poddawanych działaniu wysokiego ciśnienia
146. X-Ray investigations of the natural and artificial White Etching Layer
147. Diffusion and diffusion induced defects in GaN
148. Excellent Mechanical Properties of Nickel Processed by High Pressure Techniques
149. Microwave driven hydrothermal synthesis of iron oxide - the effect of process parameter on the properties of the nanopowders
150. Relaxation processes in ZrO2 at high pressures
151. Luminescence of ZrO2 and ZnO nanocrystals
152. Zinc oxide nanopowders obtained by the microwave-hydrothermal route
153. Microwave driven hydrothermal synthesis of Pr-doped zirconia nanopowders
154. New hydroxyapatite based nanomaterials for potential use in medical fields
155. Correlation between high-pressure ZrO2 electrical properties and crystallite size
156. Precise determination of full Grain Size Distribution from diffraction peak profile as a result of kinematical theory of diffraction for polidispersive nanomaterials
157. Pressure Effect on Grain Boundary Diffusion in Al Bicrystals
158. Microstructure of Surface Layers of Raiways After Heavy Exploatation
159. Normal Grain Growth in 2-d Strips of Polycrystalline Aluminium Under High Pressure
160. Reaction Diffusion in Metallic Systems under High Pressure
161. High Pressure Effect on Grain Boundary Wetting in Aluminium Bicrystals
162. X-Ray Characterization of Nanostructured Materials
163. Generetion and Relaxation of Strain in SiC and GaN under Extreme Pressure
164. Pressure Effect on Interface Energy, Diffusion and Reactions
165. Influence of high pressure on the polytype structure of nanocrystalline GaN
166. Transformation of fractal microstructure of nanocrystalline SiC and diamond in high pressures - Small Angle Scattering Study
167. Microwave-Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nanostructured Pr-Doped Zirconia Powders
168. The Strain Induced Cementite Dissolution in Carbon Steels-Experimental Facts and Theoretical Approach
169. Effect of SPD Grain Refinement and Peculiarity of Structure and Mechanical Properties of UFG Ni
170. Luminescense of Nanosize ZrO2
171. Structure, Morphology and Luminescence Properties of Pr-doped Nanocrystalline ZrO2 Obtained by Hydrothermal Method
172. Nanostructure Formation on the Surface of Railway Tracks and Wheelsets
173. Hydrothermal Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanopowders with Microwaves Applications
174. Microwave Driven Hydrothermal Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanopowders
175. Indentation Technique for Determination if Mechanical Behavior of Nanomaterials (Bulk and Coatings)