Spinel structured lithium manganese oxide (LiMn₂O₄) is one of the promising cathode material for transportation and large scale batteries due to its low cost and easy preparation, environmental friendliness, high discharge potential (4V vs. Li/Li⁺) and good safety compared with the lithium cobalt LiCoO₂ or lithium nickel LiNiO₂ oxides. Hovewer the LiMn₂O₄ electrodes at the 4V potential (vs. Li/Li⁺) region suffers from capacity fading during charge-discharge cycles, especially at elevated temperature (50-60°C), which limits the application in commercial lithium-ion batteries. The capacity loss could be attributed to three main factors: (1) dissolution of manganese Mn²⁺ ions; (2) Jahn-Teller (J-T) distortion effect; (3) decomposition of organic solvents in electrolyte. Recently, several investigations have been proposed to resolve this complicated problem including metal doping at Mn-sites (Fe, Ni, Cr) and surface coating with metal or ceramic oxides. Finally, it should to improve the capacity retention and minimize the surface area of LiMn₂O₄ contacting with the electrolyte.

In our current work, we investigated and compared the electrochemical performance of LiMn₂O₄ coated by various ceramic oxides. The low temperature chemical synthesis (LTCS) was used to modify the surface grains of LMO.

Firstly, pure stoichiometric nanopowder of LiMn₂O₄ was prepared by modified sol-gel method using lithium and manganese salts. Secondly, we used LTCS for the surface modification by ceramic oxides (like i.e. La₂O₃, CeO₂, SiO₂) of LMO spinel.

X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the crystal structures of all samples. The particle size and morphology were observed by: SEM, HRSEM, TEM. Also the electrochemical tests were performed. 

Acknowledgments:

This work was :by The National Centre for Research and Development through the research grant PBS1 (contract no. PBS1/A1/4/2012). M. Michalska would like to thank for the scholarship awarded by the Mazovia Voivodeship Office through the Scientific Potential for the Economy of Mazovia PhD Program, co-funded by the European Social Fund.

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