The electrochemical sensors were fabricated for selective and sensitive determination of adrenaline.  In these sensors, a thin film of the adrenaline-templated molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was used for adrenaline recognition and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and piezoelectric microgravimetry (PM) for analytical signal transduction under flow-injection analysis conditions. First, molecular structure of a complex (Scheme 1) of protonated adrenaline (HAd) with the benzo-(18-crown-6) (Cr6BTP) and benzoic acid (COOHBTP) derivatives of bis(2,2’-bithienyl)methane, used as electroactive functional monomers, was optimized with the B3LYP/6-31g(d) density functional theory method by the Gaussian 03 software.  Then, the MIP film was deposited on a Pt disk electrode and 10 MHz quartz crystal resonator (QCR) by potentiodynamic electropolymerization from a solution of HAd, Cr6BTP, CHOBTP, and the cross-linking tris(2,2’-bithienyl)methane monomer at the mole ratio of 1:1:1:2.  Next, the adrenaline template was extracted with 0.01 M NaOH from the MIP film; completeness of the extraction was confirmed by XPS.  For adrenaline determination, the decrease of the DPV peak current for the 0.1 M K₄[Fe(CN)₆] redox probe and the change of the resonance frequency of the 10 MHz QCR, proportional to the adrenaline concentration, was measured.

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