It commonly agreed that the arrangement of atoms at the surface of a crystal is different from that of the bulk. Numerous simulation studies of extremely small crystallites have shown that in a few nanometers thick surface layer of a nanocrystal the interatomic distances are different from the "ordered bulk" values. As long as it's presence can be safely ignored for micrometer-sized crystallites such a layer constitutes a significant portion of a nanocrystal. The arrangement of atoms in a nanocrystal is not strictly periodic and therefore it must not described by a set of lattice parameter any more. Nevertheless diffraction patterns of the nanocrystalline samples show well developed diffraction peaks. Careful analysis of their positions shows that indeed, each diffraction peak of a nanometric material corresponds to a slightly different set of lattice parameters. This brings us to the concept of the apparent lattice parameter (alp), the quantity that does not describe the crystal as a whole but is hkl-dependent. In the presentation we will show that analysis of those small deviations of peak positions form the "expected" values can bring valuable information about the true  atomic structure of nanocrystals. We will show results of numerical simulations of diffraction patterns of the nanocrystals with altered surface layers and compare them to the experimental data. We will also discuss the experimental techniques that must be used, methods of data evaluation and cases where the obtained information may become useful.
.

• Legal notice:
  

  Copyright (c) Pielaszek Research, all rights reserved.
  The above materials, including auxiliary resources, are subject to Publisher's copyright and the Author(s) intellectual rights. Without limiting Author(s) rights under respective Copyright Transfer Agreement, no part of the above documents may be reproduced without the express written permission of Pielaszek Research, the Publisher. Express permission from the Author(s) is required to use the above materials for academic purposes, such as lectures or scientific presentations.
  In every case, proper references including Author(s) name(s) and URL of this webpage: https://science24.com/paper/17372 must be provided.

1. Analysis of density waves in CdSe, SiC, and diamond nanocrystals by application of NanoPDF software package to experimental Pair Distribution Functions.
2. Crystallite size determination from diffraction data: a do-it-yourself tutorial.  
3. Diamond-tungsten carbide nanocomposite
4. GaN substrates with variable surface miscut for laser diode applications
5. Semipolar (2021) UV LEDs and LDs grown by PAMBE
6. High-pressure diffraction study of structural and elastic properties of zircon-type and scheelite-type RVO₄ (R = Nd, Eu)
7. Looking beyond limitations of diffraction methods of structural analysis of nanocrystalline materials
8. Synthesis of doped ZnO nanopowders in microwave hydrothermal reactors
9. Characterization of nanopowders
10. Combining microwave and pressure techniques for hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO and ZrO₂ nanopowders doped with a range of metal ions
11. Luminescence properties of zinc oxide nanopowders doped with Al ions obtained by the hydrothermal and vapour condensation methods.
12. Yttrium-Aluminum Garnet Synthesized in the Medium of Supercritical Fluids
13. Growth of GaN layers on silicon and sintered GaN nano-ceramic substrates – TEM investigations
14. Doping of ZnO nanopowders with Mn, Ni and Cr In an ultrasound and microwave driver hydrothermal reaction
15. Characterization of nanocrystalline ZrO₂ doped with Rare-Earth elements synthesized via High Pressure Hydrothermal Method
16. Morphology of Al doped Zinc Oxide Obtained using Hydrothermal and Vapour Condensation Methods
17. Growth and properties of ytterbium doped KY(WO₄)₂ nanocomposites
18. Doping of ZnO nanopowders with Mn and Cr in an ultrasound and microwave driven hydrothermal reaction
19. Dyfraktometryczna analiza mikro- i makro-naprężeń w spiekach i kompozytach otrzymanych pod wysokim ciśnieniem i wysoką temperaturą.
20. Badania własności termicznych nanokryształów metodami dyfraktometrycznymi
21. Morphology of Al doped zinc oxide obtained by the vapour condensation method
22. Morphology of Al-Doped Zinc Oxide Obtained by the Vapour Condensation Methods
23. Structure of nano-crystals: a key to understanding the unique properties of nano-materials
24. Fabrication and micro-structure characterization of Al2O3/Ni-P composites with interpenetrating phases
25. Nanocrystalline SiC compacts obtained by sintering of laser synthesized nanopowders under extreme pressures
26. High-pressure Induced Structural Decomposition of RE-doped YAG Nanoceramics
27. Sintering of nanopowders under high pressure
28. Synthesis and properties of GaAs nano-composites
29. MD simulation of atomic structure of nanocrystals
30. SiC-Zn nanocomposites obtained using high-pressure infiltration technique
31. Sintering temperature effect on structure and properties of Al2O3/Ni-P composites with interpenetrating phases
32. Influence of synthesis conditions on the particles size and the morphology of zinc oxide nanopowders
33. Structural and luminescence properties of yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) nanoceramics
34. Fabrication and electrical properties of Eu³⁺:BaTiO₃ nanoceramics for SOFC
35. X-ray diffraction studies of thermal properties of bulk- and surface-atoms of nanocrystalline SiC
36. Characterization of nanostructured hydroxyapatite ceramics densified at high-pressure and temperature
37. Powder precursors for nanoceramics: cleaning and compaction
38. Examination of the atomic Pair Distribution Function (PDF) of SiC nanocrystals by in-situ high pressure diffraction
39. Investigation of the microstructure of SiC-Zn nanocomposites by microscopic methods: SEM, AFM and TEM
40. Sythesis of metal-ceramic nanocomposites by high-pressure infiltration
41. X-Ray investigations of the natural and artificial White Etching Layer
42. Zinc oxide nanopowders obtained by the microwave-hydrothermal route
43. Microwave driven hydrothermal synthesis of Pr-doped zirconia nanopowders
44. The influence of temperature and pressure on possibility of obtaining Al₂O₃/Ni-P nanocomposite through hot pressing process.
45. X-Ray Characterization of Nanostructured Materials
46. Generetion and Relaxation of Strain in SiC and GaN under Extreme Pressure
47. Surface Diffraction Effects from Nanopowders under Pressure
48. Influence of high pressure on the polytype structure of nanocrystalline GaN
49. Transformation of fractal microstructure of nanocrystalline SiC and diamond in high pressures - Small Angle Scattering Study
50. Synthesis of Nanocomposites Based on Superhard Ceramic Nanopowders