Aldehyde dehydrogenase isozyme (ALDH3A1) is an enzyme oxidizing mainly long- and medium-chain aliphatic as well as aromatic aldehydes. The salivary aldehyde dehydrogenase was postulated to play an important role in deactivation of higher aldehydes of plant origin, and may be involved in the prevention of chemical carcinogenesis [1,2].

It is also well documented that ALDH3A1 can be induced several-hundred-fold in some neoplastic states of different cancers e.g. liver, breast, colon and oral [3].

Activity of ALDH is unstable in the absence of thiols, but can be stabilized by 1 mM glutathione. Inactivated enzyme can be re-activated within 10 minutes by treatment of 0.5 mM DTT [4].

Saliva samples were collected to buffer stock solution containing various thiols, and assayed in the presence of fluorogenic substrate 6-methoxy-2-naphthaldehyde and NAD⁺.

The oxidative stress has been associated with increased risk of many diseases, including different kinds of cancer. It can be measured by many methods, like ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbing Capacity) method [5], which gives information about total antioxidant capacity of body fluids. ORAC-FL test uses fluorescein as a fluorophore. The decay of the fluorescence emission over time due to exposition to the peroxyl radical source (AAPH) is measured. In the presence of diluted saliva sample the fluorescence decay is delayed due to the presence of antioxidants present in the saliva.

In present studies the ORAC value of human saliva of oral cavity surgical patients and healthy subjects was correlated with the ALDH3A1 activity.

We observed no distinct direct correlation between antioxidant capacity and ALDH3A1 oxidation status of human saliva in all healthy patients. However, in smoking patients and in patients with definite diet the correlation was observed.

[1] Vasiliou V, Pappa A, Estey T. Role of human ALDH in endobiotic and xenobiotic metabolism. Drug Metab Rev 2004; 36:279-299
[2] Sladek NE. Human aldehyde dehydrogenase: Potential pathological, pharmacological, and toxicological impact. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2003; 17:7-23
[3] Sreerama L., Hedge M.W., Sladek N.E.: Clin. Can. Res. 1, 1153 (1995).
[4] Wroczyński P., Wierzchowski J., Rakowska A., Chimkowska M., Targoński J. (2004) Aldehyde Dehydrogenase in Human Saliva – Evaluation of Its Oxidation Status, Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica – Drug Research.
[5] Ou B., Hampsch-Woodill M., Prior RL (2001) Development and Validation of an Improved Oxygen Radical Capacity Assay Using Fluorescein as the Fluorescent Probe. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49; 4619-4626

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