Better understanding of chemical secretion through exocytosis e.g. neurotransmitters, peptides and hormones, is of great interest for researchers in medicine, biology and pharmaceutical industry. The use of amperometry at microelectrodes makes it possible to carry out sensitive and rapid detection of exocytosis events at single cells. The combination of several individual addressable microelectrodes into an array, however, can be used to obtain spatially and temporally resolved images of exocytosis from a single cell.

We are working to develop an electrochemical sensor based on on-tip arrays of carbon fiber microelectrodes to obtain spatially and temporally resolved images of insulin secretion from a single pancreatic β-cell. Better understanding of insulin secretion from β-cells is almost certainly going to be one piece in the puzzle of unraveling diabetes mellitus, a disease that affects over 100  million  people world-wide. Electrodeposition of ruthenium chloride on an array of carbon fiber microelectrodes provides a surface that can be used to catalyze the oxidation of insulin, usually electrochemically inactive. The electrochemical properties of the sensor and its surface structure have been characterized by cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, amperometry, and scanning electron microscopy. Application of the sensor to standard solutions of insulin using a flow injection system has been demonstrated.

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