Biosensors use a combination of biological receptor compounds and the physical or physical-chemical transducer directing real-time monitoring of specific biological events. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique is a powerful optical biosensing technique for non-label affinity interaction analysis. Lectins as biological receptor molecules and Biacore 3000 as optical transducer were employed for bacteria differentiation. The lectins were covalently immobilized on Biacore CM5 chips and the sample solution containing glycoproteins (or serum), endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) or whole bacterial cells was flowed over the surface. The obtained lectin binding patterns correlated well with theoretical patterns derived from carbohydrate structures of glycoproteins and endotoxins. The experiment with whole bacteria showed possibility to distinguish bacteria with cross-reactivity in immunoassay (Citrobacter freundii and Escherichia coli O157) by using of the lectin panel. The expression of carbohydrate structures on the outer side of the bacteria was required for increase the sensitivity of measurement. Similar results were obtained using a prototype of a commercial QCM device. The glycoprotein studies aimed at investigation of the suitability of lectin-array based analysis in liver disease diagnosis. One question is whether whole serum can be used as sample or if the glycosylation of discrete proteins needs to be studied for correct diagnoses.

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