Nowadays, there is an increasing demand for artificial body implants, which support the regeneration of the damaged tissues and are well-integrated with the surrounding environments. Metallic bone implants often suffer for mechanical and biochemical incompatibility with the surrounding bone tissue, which can lead to the aseptic loosening of the bone tissue and the implant failure. Their anchorage in the bone tissue can be improved with mechanically resistant, chemically stable and biocompatible layers, especially those nanostructured. The nanoscale roughness and topography of the material surface is believed to mimic the nanoarchitecture of the natural extracellular matrix as well as the cell membrane, and thus such types of surfaces are usually attractive for the cell adhesion and growth. Moreover, these surfaces adsorb preferentially vitronectin, i.e. an extracellular matrix protein recognized preferentially by osteoblasts, and thus they can prevent a fibrous encapsulation of the bone implant. In our studies, we investigated the adhesion, growth, viability and osteogenic maturation of human bone-derived cells (represented by a cell line MG 63) in cultures on undoped and boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond films, and nanocomposite hydrocarbon plasma polymer films with various concentrations of Ti. We found that the cell number, cell spreading area, formation of focal adhesion plaques, concentration of integrin adhesion molecules with alpha V or beta 1 chain, integrin-acssociated proteins talin and vinculin, as well as the concentration of osteocalcin and osteopontin, markers of osteogenic cell differentiation, in cells on these layers were similar or even higher than on standard polystyrene cell culture dishes. Even nanocomposite hydrocarbon plasma polymer films with 3 at% of Ag promoted cell adhesion, growth and formation of focal adhesion plaques without considerable cytotoxicity. At the same time, these layers attenuated growth of the bacterium E. coli. Also the layers of fullerenes C₆₀ or binary composited or C₆₀/Ti gave good supports for the adhesion and growth of MG 63 cells. Micropatterned layers of C₆₀ or C₆₀/Ti, i.e. deposited on the substrates through a metallic grid, promoted regionally-selective cell adhesion and growth in grooves among the prominences formed bellow the grid openings. Therefore, nanostructured and hierarchically micro- and nanostructured hard biocompatible and bioactive films are applicable not only for biomaterial coating but also as an interesting tool for investigating mechanisms controlling the cell behavior by cell-material interaction.

Supported by the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (Grants No. KAN101120701, KAN400480701, IAA400320901, IAAX00100902).

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