Inkjet printing provides a versatile method for the simultaneous fabrication of tissue scaffold structures and parallel seeding. One of the potential benefits of this technology is the ability to fabricate structures with heterogeneous cell populations, with distinct cell types at specific locations within a printed structure. Our previous work has already demonstrated that human fibroblast cells can be successfully dispensed using commercial inkjet printing systems with cell death rates indistinguishable from that of control cultures [1]. However, in order for inkjet printing to be a viable technique for cell dispensing, we must be sure that it can be used with a range of cell types without damage. Here we present a survey of cell behaviour after inkjet printing of primary human fibroblasts and osteoblasts, fibroblast and oral keratinocyte cell lines and primary bovine chondrocytes. All cell types are shown to be printable and that conditions can be identified to minimise cell death after printing to levels that are indistinguishable from unprinted controls. Osteoblast and chondrocyte cells appear to show a response to printing that affects either their proliferation or metabolic rate after printing that is not seen with fibroblasts or keratinocytes. It is hypothesised that this may reflect the stress sensitivity of these cell types.

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1. Drop-on-demand inkjet printing of alginate gelation systems
2. The strength of gold nanowires
3. Strain gradients and the strength of nanoporous gold