Most of the scientific contributions in biological chemistry have been devoted to the knowledge of the 3D structure of specific biomolecules for different applications in biomedical sciences. However, few scientific contributions have been focused on investigating the physical and chemical parameters of these biological molecules to be applied in crystal growth, and the enhancement of crystal quality for 2D and 3D structural characterization In this work, it is presented in the first part of the talk a short review of methods of crystal growth of a variety of biological macromolecules. In the second part, as a case study it is presented the purification, crystallization, and high resolution X-ray crystallographic structure of cytochrome c (an electron-transfer protein isolated and purified from the mitochondria of bovine's heart). Additionally, a new approach to the design of a novel electron-transfer biosensor using cytochrome c films coupled with Indium Tin Oxide electrodes for 2D structural characterization is presented. This investigation was performed by using an Atomic Force Microscope (EC-AFM) coupled to electrochemical analysis (Digital Co Santa Barbara). Finally, as a second case study this methodology allowed us also to develop a novel selective biosensor of alkaline cations, and carbonates by means of using proteins involved in biomineralization processes.

Acknowledgements: The author gives thanks for the financial support from the DGAPA-UNAM project number IN214506

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