The purpose of this presentation is to outline spectroscopic methods that proved to be useful in characterization of crystalline materials. In general understanding the notion "spectroscopic" encompasses a wide variety of methods, e.g.: NMR, EPR, Mossbauer spectroscopy, optical spectroscopy etc. They differ in basic concepts and methodology. For the sake of clarity and conciseness the topic of presentation is restricted to spectroscopic methods that make use of optical frequencies and relay on acquisition and analysis of optical absorption and emission spectra and emission kinetics. They can be applied to crystals showing inherent ability to absorb and/or emit radiation as well as to crystals endowed with this ability by intentional doping with "probe" ions such as Eu, Cr. Principles of methods and also various kinds of information that can be extracted from analysis of spectral line positions, line-shapes and luminescence decay curves are considered. Examples of typical applications and results from our work are included.

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1. Synthesis by sol-gel method of nanocrystalline compounds within Y₂O₃(Nd₂O₃)–Al₂O₃ system for optical applications
2. Spectroscopic Properties of Tm³⁺:Bi₂TeO₅ Single Crystal
3. Growth and characterization of Nd, Yb – Yttrium oxide nanopowders obtained by sol-gel method
4. Luminescence characteristics of undoped and Eu-doped GdCOB single crystals and nanopowders
5. Pr⁺³ and Tm⁺³ containing transparent glass ceramic in the GeO₂-PbO-PbF₂-LnF₃ system