We pursue here the concept of protecting and activating of Pt and Ru-Se nanoparticles by coating them with Keggin type phosphododecamolybdate or phosphododecatungstate, the well-defined oxygen-bridged metal clusters related to the parent tungsten and molybdenum oxides. In addition to the changes in morphology, the increased dispersion, as well as to the bifunctional nature of their reactivity, the polyoxometallate stabilized Pt nanoparticles are characterized by a broader potential window where platinum metal is not covered by the inhibiting PtO oxides. In the case of Ru-Se clusters, modification of their surfaces results in diminishing of their size and leads to the lowering of background currents in the potential range where the oxygen reduction reaction is operative. Recently, there has also been growing interest in biofuel cells that can be viewed as analogues of conventional fuel cells except that they typically utilize biocatalysts (enzymes), biofules, and neutral or slightly acidic electrolytes. While oxygen serves as a cathode fuel, glucose, lactate or ethanol can be considered as anode fuels. The possibility of use of carbon nanostructures will be discussed. The concept of fabrication of the phosphomolybdate-stabilized colloidal suspensions of metal particles is extended here to the formation of the analogous dispersions of carbon nanoparticles and multi-walled carbon nanotubes and utilized to the generation of network films of conducting polymer linked carbon nanostructures on electrode substrates. The research is not only of importance to the construction of effectively operating charge storage devices (capacitors) but also charge mediators (relays), chemical and biochemical sensing devices, as well as electrocatalytic systems.

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