Almost all surfaces are electrified being in contact with the extracellular fluid or blood. Reversible or irreversible - structural changes of adsorbed substances can take place. In particular in organic macromolecules bonds together with oxygen bridge bondings may break down, giving rise to structural and/or conformational changes. Conformational changes may arise as a result of an exchange of charge carriers. However, changes can also be initiated by high field strengths, such as occur in consequence of the presence of local elements. A conception for the actual changes of the protein molecule during the adsorption process is up to now not available. The adsorption of hydrogen ions or hydroxyl groups respectively leads to changed potential gradients at the surface of the protein comparable with the potential gradient within the biomaterial/electrolyte interface. A criterion for the suitability of materials as a biomaterial for close tissue contact is the physico-chemical reactivity of the surface. As known, bulks and surfaces have either properties as a metal, a semiconductor or an insulator. The differences are caused by the electronic structure of the materials described by the density of electronic states and their occupation by charge carriers. The interface of course, plays an important role for instance in the transfer of charge in the electron transport chain, the behavior of cell-material interaction, the adsorption of proteins and other chemical messengers on the material surface. As a summary it is allowed to say: Biocompatibility depends on the electronic structure of the material. Conformational unchanged macromolecules are the prior condition for biocompatibility and control the attachment and probably also the degree of attachment via adhesion proteins.

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