A number of methods employing radical traps and product analysis have been used to measure the rates of radical production in water and a range of solutions used in industrial processes, including biphasic systems such as emulsions. We have also applied the methods to a number of medical and dental ultrasound instruments.

In conjunction with groups at the University of Melbourne in Australia and the UK's National Physical Laboratory, we have been investigating how the experimental conditions affect changes in sonoluminescence and in acoustic emission from cavitating systems. We have been able to show that these correlate reasonably well with the observed chemical changes. In addition, some unexpected effects were noticed when using ultrasound with two different frequencies, 20 kHz and 515 kHz. A possible model to explain some of these results will be discussed. However, there remain a number of unanswered questions, particularly in regard to the detailed mechanism of some reactions and these will also be posed during the presentation.

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