Environmental Syndrome (ES) is the universally basic, global interdisciplinary new terminology communication tool presented and endorsed by 2012 Geneva, Congress of European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) [1]. The aims of ES etymology is to create harmonized, constructive, credible, common assertive nomenclature for clinical expression of impending environmental disturbances.

The immunological system response to hostile and disturbing agents is the most sophisticated, ultra sensory signalling entity to environmental degradation. The immuno-response parameters, humoral and cellular, detects instantly indicators of inducting factors comprising nanoparticulate inhalants (pollutants), ingestants and contactants (i .e. nickel). However, different people on different continents, will show different symptoms from the same aberrant. In this respect an independent quality surveillance, on separate geographical locations is an exclusive guarantee to collect credible, comparable data. The nanoparticulate matter is of a special concern as the amount and heterogeneity of hazardous nanoparticles are growing limitless and exponentially in human environmental surrounding. Nanomaterials are able to cross biological membranes and access cells, tissues and organs that larger-sized particles normally cannot; they can gain access to the blood stream via inhalation or ingestion and also can penetrate the skin [2]. 

In order to elucidate immunoresponsive nature of nanoobjects we propose to use a combination of X-ray spectrometry techniques based on total reflection phenomenon [3,4]. Suggested methodology is providing elemental detection limits in femtogram range and is also very discriminating in the accurate description of nanoobjects [5]. Thus nanoparticlulate matter can be measured determining its elemental composition, size and density in order to allow comparison of this comprehensive data with the immunoresponse of nanoparticles. Such a methodology will create a new clinical characteristics of nanoparticulate related ES as a credible attempt to collect constellations of a variety of symptoms, at given geographical location. Effective analyses of signalling immunotoxicity biomarkers will allow to selectively discriminate of ecologically threatening contaminants. As yet, unpredictable clinical manifestations of nanoparticulate disturbances, will culminate in establishment of locally specific eco-protective measurements. 

Acknowledgements:

This work has been supported by Marie Curie Actions - Initial Training Networks (ITN) as an Integrating Activity Supporting Postgraduate Research with Internships in Industry and Training Excellence (SPRITE) under EC contract no. 317169

References:

[1] Podleski WK. Eco-protection, Enviromental Syndorme, a new clinical entity to be monitored by immunology markers. Presented at: European Academy of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, EAACI Congress 2012, Geneva, Switzerland, 16 - 20 June 2012. Abstract No. 1754.

[2] Zolnik BS, Gonzalez-Fernandez A, Sadrieh N, Dobrovolskaia MA. Nanoparticles and the immune system. Endocrinology. 151, 458-465 (2010).

[3] von Bohlen, A. Total reflection X-ray fluorescence and grazing incidence X-ray spectrometry – Tools for micro-and surface analysis. A review. Spectrochim Acta B. 64, 821-832 (2009).

[4] Nowak, S. H.; Reinhardt, F.; Beckhoff, B.; Dousse, J.-Cl., Szlachetko, J. Geometrical Optics Modelling of Grazing Incidence X-ray Fluorescence of Nanoscaled Objects. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry. 28, 689-696 (2013).

[5] Borgese L, Zacco A, Bontempi E, et al. Total reflection of X-ray fluorescence (TXRF): a mature technique for environmental chemical nanoscale metrology. Measurement Science and Technology. 20, 084027 (2009).

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