Synthetic nanocrystalline hydroxyapatites, due to their high biocompatibility are widely used as bone substitutes, implant coatings and fillers in composites.

The chemical, mechanical and biological properties of hydroxyapatite may be improved by doping of additional ions into its structure.

Various substitutions, both cationic (for calcium cations) and anionic (substituting orthophosphates and structural hydroxyl groups) have been recently prepared and proved to be favorable to biological response, thermal stability or bioresorbability of bioceramic.

In our study we focus on synthesis and physicochemical analysis of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatites modified with several anions- silicates (SiO₄^4-), borates (BO₃^3-), carbonates (CO₃^2-), selenites (SeO₃^2-) and cations – strontium (Sr²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺) and manganese (Mn²⁺).

It is known that magnesium and carbonates are the most abundant “impurities” of biological apatite. Magnesium ions have been shown to play an important role in bone remodeling and osteoblasts activity whereas carbonate ions have a great impact on solubility. Strontium stimulates preosteoblasts replication and inhibits bone resorption while borate ions have a favorable effect on mineralization process. Therefore Sr²⁺ and BO₃^3- enriched hydroxyapatite may be used in osteoporosis treatment. Silicates play a crucial role in bone metabolism. Used in bioceramics, it increases solubility of hydroxyapatite and improves osseointegration. Manganese ions (Mn²⁺) are known to induce integrins in tissues (participating in intercellular adhesion) and to stabilize bioceramic in bone. Selenium may prevent carcinogenesis and inhibit the growth of tumor cells (even  in bone metastasis).

 We have characterized the influence of incorporation of these ions on the apatites structure and physicochemical properties.

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