Over recent decades, nanomaterials are increasingly produced as the result of the rapid development in nanotechnology. They are currently used in many industries as well as in medicine and pharmacology. As the result, an increasing concern has been raised over their potential impacts to human health. Efforts in standardizing methods to study the in vitro and in vivo safety of these materials are currently undertaken by various government agencies and research organizations. In this lecture the following issues are discussed: physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials determining their biological effects, major reported adverse effects after the exposure to nanomaterials and different aspects of toxicological risk assessment of these materials.

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