Redox proteins and enzymes are involved in a large number of processes mainly related to bioenergetic metabolism or photosynthesis. Many of the enzymes are oxidoreductases and an important group of them reside in bacterial, mitochondrial or chloroplast (inner) membranes. In the eighties, reports emerged in which redox proteins and enzymes are immobilised on ‘protein-friendly’ electrode surfaces while electrons are exchanged between the protein and electrode. Since then, hundreds of papers have appeared in which electrochemistry is used to study redox proteins and the catalytic mechanisms of redox enzymes. As so often in protein biochemistry, the field has made significantly less progress with membrane proteins than with globular proteins. In this tutorial lecture I will focus on focus on integral membrane oxidoreductases and provide an overview of the strategies used to make electrodes suitable for membrane proteins. This lecture will discuss various technologies that have been used to immobilise enzymes on the electrode surface and to ‘coach’ them to exchange electrons, either directly or with the help of mediators.

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1. Nitrite Reductase, an enzyme for which kinetics are different at rest than during turn over.
2. Electron and Proton Transfer Across Biological Membranes, Measured Using Vesicles Immobilised on Electrode Surfaces.