Interaction of light with matter involves various charge excitations. These, in turn couple to photons, and thus modify the light propagation, leading to polaritons. This process is enhanced in nanostructures, which due to their sizes provide necessary momentum for an efficient coupling. This talk will discuss various plasmonic effects in nanostructures, and the corresponding polaritons. Conceptually simplest are metallic nanoparticles, which support the Mie-type plasmon resonances. A much more complicated system is the carbon nanotube, which supports numerous plasmon modes, and in which a cross-dimensional (1D to 2D to 3D) cross-over occurs. To a special category belong polaritonic crystals, simplest of which is the 3D point dipole crystal, host to various polaritonic, plasmonic and photonic modes. Finally, the discretely guided effective medium will be discussed, based on nano-coaxial, subwavelength transmission lines. This medium allows for a remarkable manipulation of light, which could lead to optical lensing free of the diffraction limitation, image encoding, negative refraction, cloaking, etc. 

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