The behavior of materials exhibiting structural components in the nanometer regime has been found to differ from that of conventional materials with structures in the micrometer range or larger. In many cases, such as the plasticity of metals and the electronic properties of materials, new mechanisms have been identified which do not occur in larger dimensions. The functionalization of nanostructures results in improved dispersibility in liquid and solid media. As a consequence of organic functional layers, dispersions of nanoparticles in aqueous and organic solvents can be stabilized for extended periods of time. This is only possible as the agglomeration is prevented almost completely due to the surface modification. Similarly, the organic shells around magnetic nanoparticles can be used to deposit ordered two- and three-dimensional arrays on surfaces. Additionally, three-dimensional packing of magnetic particles with excellent separation can be achieved and superparamagnetic properties can be established. Functionalization of inorganic nanomaterials occurs in natural systems as well. An example is found in the magnetic orientation system of the beak of the homing pigeon. The bio-mimicking of these functional bio-nanomaterials offers new opportunities for the basic understanding of the orientation system and for technological applications.
The large potential given by the opportunities of designing materials with desired properties and property combinations by using nanotechnological approaches has resulted in a worldwide industrial interest.

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