Neutron and synchrotron radiation techniques are very powerful non-destructive methods for the characterisation of a wide variety of materials.
In particular, neutron and synchrotron radiation diffraction is nowadays widely used for the evaluation of residual stresses induced by thermal and mechanical treatments in materials and components for industrial applications.
By Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS), microstructural features induced by termomechanical treatments, such as precipitation and cavitation, can be investigated from a quantitative point of view (determination of size distributions, volume fraction and so on).
Novel high-energy X-ray imaging, such as phase-contrast radiography, allows to obtain information on structural details of biological matter and other kind of materials, with much better definition than ordinary absorption radiography.
In this work the techniques mentioned above will be described, and some applications to materials for technological applications will be presented.

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