The introduction of implants or tissue engineered scaffold materials into a living organism causes specific reactions of the biological environment. The bio-molecules and cells together with the intrinsic properties of the materials used, determine the biocompatibility and longevity of the biomaterial. Since the interaction of those bio-molecules and cells with the biomaterial surface is a vital element in evaluating the suitability of a biomaterial for its intended function, every attempt towards avoiding undesired and/or enhancing desired responses to implant or scaffold materials is of utmost importance. Recent developments in the field of nanotechnology offer powerful tools to modify the surface of biomaterials by introducing artificial topography on the material. The first objective of our studies was to deliver the relevant knowledge of the parameters that control the biological response at the nano-level. A screening chip was created using electron beam lithography, containing 50 nanotopographical fields different in design and size. Primary osteoblasts were seeded and the cell morphology was assessed as well as cell function through single cell based real-time PCR. It was found that nanometric topography, especially a groove and ridge design, were of great influence to cell reaction. On basis of the screening chip, parameters were chosen for the design of large area surfaces created by laser interference lithography. Osteoblast response was evaluated on basis of PCR; alignment of cells and mineral/matrix deposition; and interfacial analysis using TEM and dual-beam cryo SEM. We conclude that this type of nanotexturing later will be applicable to optimize performance of medical implant materials and scaffold surfaces.

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